独立主格结构（Absolute Construction 或 Nominative Absolute）是一种特殊的修饰性短语，它在句子中提供额外的背景信息或伴随状况，但与主句的主语和谓语没有直接的语法联系。独立主格通常由 “名词/代词 + 分词/形容词/介词短语/副词” 构成，在句中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等关系。独立主格常被用于文学作品中来增加画面感。

可以将独立主格视作状语从句的高阶替换，当在文章中使用了过多相似的状语从句。一般将状语从句改写成独立主格，只需要将从属连词去掉，将从句中动词根据其语态改成分词，以形容词/介词短语/副词为表语的系表结构则将系动词去掉（有的时候需要优先符合表达习惯）

比如：下面两个句子中，一般会选择第一句，因为我们说班长生病了，表达习惯上我们会用 being ill，因为这强调“班长正处于生病状态”，而单独 ill 相当于在阐述“班长已经生病了”的既定事实

• The monitor being ill, we'd better put the meeting off.****
• The monitor ill, we'd better put the meeting off.

独立主格构成方式

名词/代词 + 非谓语成分（分词/形容词/介词短语/副词等）

• 名词/代词+现在分词：表示主动意义
  • 表时间：
    • The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again. (after)
    • The question being settled, we went home. (after)
  • 表原因：
    • The monitor being ill, we'd better put the meeting off. (because)
    • The river having risen in the night, the crossing was impossible. (because)
  • 表条件：
    • Weather permitting, we'll have the match tomorrow. (if)
    • Other things being equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one. (if)
  • 表方式或伴随：
    • Their room was on the third floor, it's window overlooking the sportsground.
    • He guilding her, they stumbled through the street.
  • 以非人称代词 it 为逻辑主语的现在分词独立主格有时可以省略 it ，多为时间、季节类的时间状语：
    • Being Sunday, we had a picnic in the suburbs.
    • Being summer, the rivers were open and navigable.
• 名词/代词+过去分词：表示被动意义
  • 与现在分词状语用途大致相似
  • 表除外：
    • As yet few have done their full duty, present company excepted.
  • 有时过去分词独立主格可用以修饰其前面的名词，如：
    • I recall Min An, long brown hair tumbled over bent shoulders, reading softly to the gaunt figure in bed.
  • Given 和 Granted 引导的结构也可以看作是过去分词独立主格的倒装结构。常在这种倒装结构中引导 that 从句
    • Given time, he would win by perseverance.
    • Granted your premises, your conclusion is still false.
    • Granted that he is not brilliant, he is at least competent and works hard.
  • ago 现在被视作副词，其实它是过去分词 *gone (=gone by)*的变体，常与其前面名词形成独立主格结构
    • The train left a few minutes ago (gone by).
• 名词/代词+形容词：
  • He face pale, he looked terrified.
  • The children silent, the teacher continued speaking.
• 名词/代词+副词：
  • The meeting over, everyone left.（这里 over 是副词不是形容词，因为 over 不是直接修饰meeting 的）
  • The game up, the players shook hands.
• 名词/代词+介词短语：
  • He walked in, a book in his hand.

[! 关于分词独立主格的一些补充：]

• 分词独立主格具有一种解释性的功能：
  • We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
  • Only three fissile materials are known at present, these being uranium 235, uranium 233 and plutonium. 现在只知道三种可裂变物质，即铀235、铀233和钚。
  • Fifty people came, all told. 总共来了50人。
• 分词独立主格结构前可以加 with 或 without，这是一种较为口语化的表达。
  • We went into a large waiting room with a large fan spinning overhead.
  • With the whole meeting in uproar, the chairman abandoned the attempt to take a vote.
  • He came back with a basket filled with medical herbs.